Abstract Worldwide, land use changes and urbanization affect habitat and biota in streams, drastically disrupting environmental conditions and biotic interactions. We evaluated the trophic ecology of the tolerant fish Corydoras paleatus in a prairie stream with contrasting environmental conditions intimately aligned with different nearby land uses. Gut analyses was conducted at three stream reaches with contrasting ecological attributes regarding water quality, habitat structure and riparian condition. A total of 231 guts were analyzed and 15 prey items identified. A significant variation in composition and structure of the dietary assemblage, niche breadth and feeding patterns of C. paleatus under different environmental conditions was observed. Psychodidae prevailed in most deteriorated environmental conditions and Chironomidae, followed by nematodes, in stream reaches where environmental conditions improved. Maximum niche breadth and a larger proportion of generalist individuals were found at the most deteriorated site. Conversely, the proportions of specialized individuals were slightly higher at sites with better ecological conditions. Psychodidae and mineral fragments were positively correlated with the most detrimental conditions, while filamentous algae prevailed where these conditions improved. Overall, good evidence suggesting that trophic ecology of a tolerant species is affected by local environmental conditions in water quality, habitat structure and riparian corridor was observed.

Resumo O grupo Hoplias malabaricus compreende seis espécies válidas e ainda acredita-se que abriga diversidade críptica. Neste trabalho, uma abordagem integrativa incluindo considerações morfológicas, de DNA barcoding e de citogenética foi conduzida para caracterizar uma população de H. malabaricus da bacia amazônica que foi recentemente alocada na mesma linhagem mitocondrial de H. misionera, uma espécie originalmente descrita para a bacia La Plata. A análise molecular por DNA barcoding revelou que essa população amazônica forma um clado monofilético com espécimes de H. misionera provenientes da bacia La Plata (BIN AAB1732). A distância genética intragrupo (0,5%) é 12 vezes menor do que para o vizinho mais próximo (6%). A comparação morfométrica demonstrou pequena variação entre as populações amazônica e La Plata, sendo os primeiros ligeiramente maiores. Entretanto, os dados morfológicos corroboram com evidência molecular e confirmam a ocorrência de H. misionera na bacia amazônica. A caracterização cariotípica de H. misionera na população amazônica apresentou 2n=40 e fórmula cariotípica 20m+20sm, que aliada aos resultados de banda C, Ag-NOR e 18S sugerem que seja similar ao cariomorfo C de H. malabaricus. Esse trabalho revela o primeiro registro de H. misionera fora da bacia La Plata e estende a distribuição da espécie por mais de 2500 km ao Norte, até a Ilha do Marajó, estuário do rio Amazonas.

Abstract The Hoplias malabaricus group encompasses six valid species and still is believed to harbors cryptic diversity. In this work, an integrative approach including morphological, DNA barcoding, and cytogenetic considerations was conducted to characterize a population of H. malabaricus from the Amazon basin that was recently allocated in the same mitochondrial lineage with H. misionera, a species originally described from La Plata basin. The DNA barcoding analysis revealed that the Amazon population nested together with H. misionera specimens from the La Plata basin (BIN AAB1732) in the same cluster. The intragroup distance (0.5%) was 12 times lower than the nearest neighbor (6%) distance. The morphometric analysis demonstrated slightly variation between Amazon and La Plata populations, being the former composed by larger specimens. Further morphological data supported the molecular evidence of H. misionera inhabiting Amazon basin. The karyotype characterization of H. misionera in the Amazon population showed 2n=40 and karyotypic formulae 20m+20sm, that added to C-banding, Ag-NOR and 18S results are suggestive of the similarity to karyomorph C of H. malabaricus. This work reveals the first record of H. misionera outside of La Plata basin and expands the species distribution for 2500 km northward until the Marajó Island, estuary of Amazonas River.

RESUMO Poecilídeos compreendem cerca de 300 espécies que habitam águas doces e salobras das Américas e África. Poecilia reticulata é nativa do nordeste da América do Sul e Trinidad e Tobago. Neste trabalho, espécimes introduzidos de P. reticulata coletados no baixo rio Paraguai na Argentina, foram caracterizados por meio de abordagens moleculares e taxonômicas. Exploramos ainda, por meio de DNA Barcoding, a singularidade da identidade genética destes espécimes. A ocorrência de P. reticulata no baixo rio Paraguai representa o primeiro registro dessa especie na Argentina. Treze indivíduos de P. reticulata foram coletados. O Barcoding mostrou que todos os espécimes pertencem a uma única linhagem mitocondrial, a qual está presente em 11 países dos cinco continentes. A árvore de distâncias agrupou separadamente quatro clusters diferentes de P. reticulata quando incluindo dados públicos. A distância genética entre os agrupamentos mais divergentes de P. reticulata quase igualou a distância entre esta espécie e Poecilia mexicana e P. vivipara. As populações estabelecidas no Paraguai poderiam ser uma das fontes plausíveis para as populações introduzidas registradas no baixo rio Paraguai. A presença de P. reticulata em um canal aberto com drenagem conhecida para um córrego natural é de grande preocupação.

ABSTRACT Poeciliids comprise around 300 species inhabiting the fresh and brackish waters of the Americas and Africa. Poecilia reticulata is native to Northeastern South America and Trinidad and Tobago. In this paper, introduced specimens of P. reticulata collected in the lower Paraguay River in Argentina, were characterized by means of molecular and taxonomic approaches. We further explore, by means of DNA Barcoding, the singularity of the genetic identity of these specimens. Ocurrence of P. reticulata in the lower Paraguay River represents the first record of this species in Argentina. Thirteen individuals of P. reticulata were collected. DNA barcoding showed that all five specimens sampled belong to a single mitochondrial lineage, which was also present in 11 countries from five continents. The distance-based tree clearly grouped separetely four different clusters of P. reticulata when including public data. Genetic distance between the most divergent P. reticulata almost paralleled distance between this species and Poecilia mexicana and P. vivipara. Established populations from Paraguay could be one of the plausible sources for the introduced populations recorded in the lower Paraguay River. The presence of P. reticulata in an open waterway with known drainage to a natural stream is of major concern.

The structure and function of the Pampa plain lakes are explained, in large part, by its history, geomorphology, climate, nutrient rich soils drainages, and by the modifications produced by man in his use of land and water. They can be synthetically characterized as plain lakes, very shallow, polimyctic, eutrophic or hypertrophic, and with water renewal time and salinity highly fluctuating. This conjunction of external characteristics explains the high biomass of each one of its biotic communities. A synchronous analysis, during the peak of the growth season, permits us to discriminate three types within the large lakes of permanent character: lakes with relatively low phytoplankton biomass and abundant development of the rooted macrophyte, lakes with abundant development of the phytoplankton but scarce macrophyte development, and lakes with high inorganic turbidity, scarce aquatic macrophyte abundance, and low phytoplankton biomass. The first type coincides with what usually is known as "clear" lakes, of relatively transparent waters and high relative abundance of large piscivorous fishes. The second coincides with green, "turbid" lakes, of low water transparency, and usually with high abundance of visual planktivorous fishes. An increased relative abundance of filter feeding planktivores is noticeable in lakes impacted by organic waste discharges. The third type encompasses lakes clearly limited in their productivity by light availability, and would be the result of direct human action on their drainage basins. The relative abundance of turbid lakes is generally greater in zones with higher intensity of land use. However, the high annual and year-to-year variability of the Pampean landscape is seen reflected in the operation of the lake ecosystem. Large part of the lakes goes through a seasonal phase of clear waters characterized by a high abundance of cladocerans of greater size that ends when reaches its peak of abundance the class 0+ of planktivores. The complex interaction between climatic factors and land use also would explain the non-periodic changes in the typology of a given lake. For permanent lakes, this phenomenon would be intensified with a decrease in lake surface area.

La estructura y el funcionamiento de las lagunas pampeanas pueden explicarse por su geomorfología, régimen climático, drenajes ubicados en suelos naturalmente ricos en nutrientes y por las modificaciones humanas en el uso de la tierra y el agua. Es posible caracterizarlas sintéticamente como lagos de llanura, someros, polimícticos, eutróficos o hipertróficos, y con tiempo de permanencia del agua y salinidad altamente variables. Estas características explicarían la elevada biomasa de sus comunidades bióticas. Un análisis sincrónico, durante el pico de la estación de crecimiento, nos permitió discriminar tres tipos dentro de las grandes lagunas de carácter permanente: lagunas con biomasa del fitoplancton relativamente baja y abundante desarrollo de las macrófitas acuáticas, lagunas con abundante desarrollo del fitoplancton pero escaso desarrollo de la macrofitia, y lagunas con alta turbidez inorgánica y escaso desarrollo de la macrofitia y del fitoplancton. El primer tipo coincide con lo que comúnmente se conoce como lagunas "claras", de aguas relativamente transparentes y alta abundancia relativa de peces piscívoros de alto porte. El segundo coincide con lagunas verdes y "turbias", y que generalmente presentan altas abundancias de peces planctívoros. El tercer tipo sería resultado de la acción humana directa sobre el espejo de agua o su cuenca de drenaje. La abundancia relativa de lagunas turbias es mayor en las zonas con mayor intensidad de uso de la tierra. Sin embargo, la alta variabilidad anual e interanual del paisaje pampeano se ve reflejada en el funcionamiento del ecosistema lacunar. Gran parte de las lagunas pasa por una fase estacional de aguas claras caracterizada por una alta abundancia de los cladóceros de gran tamaño, que finaliza cuando alcanza su pico de abundancia la clase 0+ de planctívoros. La compleja interacción de factores climáticos y de uso de la tierra explicaría la ocurrencia de cambios no periódicos en la tipología de una determinada laguna, fenómeno que se intensifica a medida que las lagunas disminuyen de tamaño.